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''Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners'', also known as ''MEDAL'', was first published in 2002 by Macmillan Education. ''MEDAL'' is an advanced learner’s dictionary and shares most of the features of this type of dictionary: it provides definitions in simple language, using a controlled defining vocabulary; most words have example sentences to illustrate how they are typically used; and information is given about how words combine grammatically or in collocations. ''MEDAL'' also introduced a number of innovations.〔Bogaards, Paul. Review article, ''International Journal of Lexicography'', 16/1, 2003: 43–55〕〔Bejoint, H. ''The Lexicography of English''. Oxford University Press, 2010: 186–189〕 These include: * ‘collocation boxes’ giving lists of high-frequency collocates, identified using Sketch Engine software〔 Kilgarriff, A. & Rundell, M. Lexical profiling software and its lexicographic applications – a case study. In Braasch and Povlsen (Eds.) ''Proceedings of the Tenth Euralex Congress'', University of Copenhagen, Denmark. 2004, 807–818.〕 * word frequency information, with the most frequent 7500 English words shown in red and categorised in three frequency bands, based on the idea, derived from Zipf's law, that a relatively small number of high-frequency words account for a high percentage of most texts〔I.S.P. Nation, ''Learning Vocabulary in Another Language'', Cambridge University Press 2001, 13–17〕 * ‘metaphor boxes’, showing how the vocabulary used for expressing common concepts (such as ‘anger’) tends to reflect a common metaphorical framework. This is based on George Lakoff’s ideas of conceptual metaphor〔 Moon, R. On specifying metaphor: an idea and its implementation. ''International Journal of Lexicography'', 17(2), 2004: 195–222〕 * a 50-page section providing guidance on writing academic English, based on a collaboration with the Centre for English Corpus Linguistics in Louvain, Belgium and using the Centre’s learner corpus data〔Gilquin, G., Granger, S. & Paquot, M. Learner corpora: The missing link in EAP pedagogy. ''Journal of English for Academic Purposes''. 6, 2007, 319–335〕 The ''Macmillan English Dictionary'' also exists as an electronic dictionary, available free on the Web. Like most online dictionaries,〔Bejoint, H. The Lexicography of English Oxford University Press, 2010: 373–374〕 it benefits from being able to update content regularly with new words and meanings. In addition to the dictionary, the online version has a thesaurus function enabling users to find synonyms for any word, phrase or meaning.〔Edemariam, Aida. ("Online dictionaries: which is best?" ). ''The Guardian''. 30 August 2010〕 There is also a blog (the ''Macmillan Dictionary'' Blog) with daily postings on language issues, especially on global English and language change.〔("What's your English? 2011" ). ''Macmillan Dictionary''. accessed August 24, 2011.〕 An "Open Dictionary"〔("Most recent entries" ). Open Dictionary. ''McMillan Dictionary''. accessed August 24, 2011.〕 allows users to provide their own dictionary entries for new words they have come across. The online edition has been recognised as a good example of this emerging genre of reference publishing.〔Lannoy, V. Free online dictionaries: why and how?, in Granger, S. & Paquot, M. (Eds), ''eLexicography in the 21st Century: New Challenges, New Applications: Proceedings of eLex 2009'', Louvain, Belgium: Cahiers du Cental. 2010, 173-182〕 ==Editions== * First edition published in 2002 (ISBN 978-0-3339-6672-3) * Second edition published in 2007 (ISBN 978-1-4050-2526-3) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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